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Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription (aka phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
==Phonetic transcription versus orthography==
The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Traditional orthography in some languages, particularly French and English, often differs from the pronunciation. For example, the words ''bough'' and ''through'' do not rhyme in English, even though their spellings might suggest they do; additionally, each contains a silent ''gh''. An example from French is the ''s'' at the end of words, which is usually silent (''フランス語:militaire'' is pronounced the same as ''フランス語:militaires''), unless followed by a word beginning with a vowel. In the orthography of most European languages, the fact that many letters are pronounced or silent depending on contexts causes difficulties in determining the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English, Irish, and French. However, in other languages, such as Spanish and Italian, there is a more consistent—though still imperfect—relationship between orthography and pronunciation (phonemic orthography).
Therefore, phonetic transcription can provide a function that orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship between symbols and sounds, unlike traditional writing systems. Phonetic transcription allows us to step outside orthography and examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given language, as well as to identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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